After His Holiness had taken his seat members of the Reconstruction Committee reported to him that the old Temple had developed cracks due to flooding and heavy rain that could not be repaired. They showed him plans for the construction of a new temple. Hundreds of monastics and laypeople had gathered to witness the laying of the foundation stone and the unveiling of a commemorative plaque which read:

Laying the Foundation for Wisdom and Compassion
Reconstruction of the Chowkhang (Jokhang) Vihara, Leh, Ladakh

Beneath these two lines was written His Holiness’s long name—Jetsun Jampal Ngawang Lobsang Tenzin Gyatso—and today’s date.

His Holiness addressed the gathering:

“When I heard about the condition of the old Jokhang Temple, I thought that rebuilding it could provide unforeseen opportunities. Similarly, although Tibet was led for several centuries by members of the line of Dalai Lamas, it was only during my lifetime that we faced such devastation that we had to come into exile. This too provided unforeseen opportunities inasmuch as we have come to live in the land where Buddhism originated and where lived the Eight Indian Buddhist masters, such as Arya Nagarjuna, who were renowned as the ‘Six Ornaments and Two Sublime Ones.

“Today, we continue to maintain the time-tested and logically-proven Buddhist tradition that once spread in India. We have preserved this tradition through study, meditation and by applying it in our own lives. I don’t wish to boast, but as far as I’m concerned, previous Dalai Lamas served the Buddha’s teaching, and although I was born in Amdo, the northeastern region of Tibet, I moved to Lhasa where I could pursue my own Buddhist education in a traditional way. I was able to follow the triple process of study, reflection and meditation under the tutelage of my Tutors.

“Under their supervision I memorised the fundamental texts and studied their respective commentaries. At the same time, I was able to combine my studies with practice of the ‘Stages of the Path to Enlightenment’ (LamRim) and Mind Training (Lojong). I worked hard to integrate study with reflection and meditation.

“In the midst of the upheaval that took place in Tibet in 1959, I decided to flee Norbulingka and leave Lhasa. As we left, I thought about the Lhasa Jokhang and the images inside it. When we reached the pass out of the valley, I turned to take a last look at the city, praying that my departure would only be temporary and that I would be able to return again in the future.

“Since I left Lhasa there has been a steady increase in people around the world taking interest in Buddhism, particularly in Europe and America. I have been diligent in my efforts to serve them. Due to my karma and prayers made in the past I have been quite successful in contributing to the revival and preservation of the Buddha’s teachings, and I will continue to serve the Buddhadharma for many years to come. I pay homage to my Precious Tutor, Thupten Lungtok Namgyal Trinley—Ling Rinpoché—who principally educated me to understand the philosophical texts. I’m also grateful to my team of Debating Assistants with whom I learned to argue and reason.

“I have been able to introduce Buddhism to others even in my poor English. I’ve compared Buddhist understanding of the workings of our mind and emotions to modern scientific approaches to psychology and neuroscience. This is proving to be very beneficial. Indeed I have had good discussions with many scientists about human psychology.

“In short, I was born in Dhomey (Amdo), but grew up in Central Tibet. I received an education from my tutors and, after coming to India, continued to study texts about philosophy and meditation. In other words, I’ve done my best to share my understanding of Buddhism with others.

“The way we study classic Buddhist treatises is very good because it’s based on logical reasoning. Tantric rituals and the propitiation of Dharma Protectors using drums and cymbals may be very helpful, but what is really valuable is the study of the scriptures. And we should not simply depend on the authority of quotations from the scriptures alone. We must employ reason and logic in conjunction with an understanding of the workings of the mind and emotions.

"Having pulled down the old temple I really appreciate your determination to rebuild the Jokhang here. But the mere reconstruction of the temple building is nothing exceptional. The crucial thing is that it provides others with the facilities to study the Buddha’s teaching just as I have been able to do since I was a child.

“When you have completed the temple, you should ensure that it becomes a centre of learning, somewhere that people can study the logical and philosophical treatises, that will enable them to engage in dialectical debate, analysing and investigating Buddhist philosophy. I hope you will do that and I pray that you will be successful in doing so. Thank you.”

From the site of the Jokhang His Holiness drove to Choglamsar to consecrate a Dharma Centre built by the Ladakh Gonpa Association (LGA). There the LGA President welcomed him at the door. His Holiness entered the Dharma Centre Hall, which was packed to capacity, and paid his respect before carved wooden statues of the Buddha and Avalokiteshvara, and another of Guru Padmasambhava. Then, he sat down and the LGA President and others offered him a mandala of the universe as well as representations of the body, speech and mind of the Buddha. Among the prayers said was the one verse prayer for His Holiness’s long life:

In the pure realm of snow-capped mountain ranges
You are the source of all welfare and happiness
Tenzin Gyatso, Lord Avalokiteshvara,
May you live until the cycle of existence comes to an end.

Tea and sweet rice were served before His Holiness addressed the gathering.

“I have been able to visit you today because it’s conveniently on the way back to Shewatsel. I’m happy to greet all of you, my friends in the Dharma, including abbots, teachers and members of the Sangha.

“There are many religions in the world and in particular many religious traditions exist in India. However, Buddhism attracts special attention from scientists, especially psychologists and neuroscientists. Buddhism, as it has been preserved in Tibet, depends on rigorous study employing logic and reasoning. As a result, many scientists have discussed our tradition of logic and epistemology with me.

“Our tradition of Buddhism doesn’t focus on prayers and rituals but emphasizes the use of logic (pramana), the perfection of wisdom (prajnanparamita), the view of the Middle Way (Madhyamaka) and so forth.

“As far as I’m concerned, I left my birthplace when I was young and travelled to the Potala Palace where I began to study ‘Collected Topics’ and ‘Reason’ when I was five or six years old.

“Although Tibet was in contact with both China and India from the time of King Songtsen Gampo, it was King Trisong Deutsen who invited Shantarakshita to Tibet from India. Consequently, ours an authentic Buddhist tradition. I studied the classic texts although I didn’t pursue the ‘Treasury of Higher Knowledge’ (Abhidharmakosha) so thoroughly. I did study Vinaya, the Code of Monastic Discipline’ and logic.

“There was an established curriculum for the study of Buddhism in Tibet and I followed it. Eventually I sat for my Geshé Degree exams at the great monastic seats of learning, including Sera and Drepung. The examination culminated in a final exam during the Great Prayer Festival (Mönlam Chenmo), which was held at the Jokhang Temple in Lhasa before a gathering of monk-scholars from all three monastic institutions of Sera, Drepung and Ganden.

“Despite bearing the title Dalai Lama I was not just placed on a high throne, I had to study the classic treatises like any other monk. Studying them thoroughly and analyzing them in debate has stood me good stead in my discussions with modern scientists.

“From Takdrak Rinpoché I received numerous tantric empowerments and permissions. However, my principal philosophical teacher was Kyabjé Ling Rinpoché. I studied with him in the mornings and afternoons when he explained philosophy to me in great detail. He opened my eyes to the rich content of our Buddhist tradition. Later, when I met scientists, I was able to compare their explanations with what our texts say and I was able to learn a lot from them.

“I have urged not only monks but also nuns to study philosophy and learn how to debate. Nowadays, philosophy and debate are studied in many of the nunneries in Dharamsala, Mundgod and here in Ladakh. Study and debate mean that we don’t take the teaching for granted.

“When I was young, I had seven Debating Assistants, (Tsenzhabs), one from each of the seven major monasteries. I practised debate with them. When I sat for my final exam, I felt I had made my life meaningful. I didn’t just preside over ceremonies as Dalai Lama, I studied philosophy. No matter which sect they belong to, it is important that all our monks and nuns study the classic texts.

“Today, we see nuns debate during the Great Prayer Festival, which is a new development. The key point is that it’s very important to preserve the Dharma by studying it and practising meditation. This is why I have encouraged nuns and lay-people to study.

“As well as studying the Dharma, I encourage you to learn English in order that you can explain what the Buddha taught to as many different kinds of people as possible. Monastics should not only study but should be able to share their understanding with others.

“That’s all have to say today—thank you.”

His Holiness then drove the short distance back to Shewatsel where he stays.

The ‘Heart Sutra’ was recited in Tibetan, followed by the verse of salutation from the ‘Ornament for Clear Realization’. Then a mandala symbolizing the entire universe was offered, after which this verse was chanted:

May the sound of the great dharma drum
Dispel the misery of sentient beings.
May you live to give teachings
for inconceivable billions of aeons.

Before he started to teach, His Holiness thrilled the local people by putting on a Zanskari Lama’s hat, as if he was one of them. Applause rippled through the crowd.

“Today, in this region of India we have gathered for a Dharma discourse,” he began. “It’s my aim to give everyone an introduction to the teaching of the Buddha. In Tibet, the Land surrounded by Snow Mountains, Buddhism spread. But for the present we have lost our country. However, the complete teaching of the Buddha, that we preserved in Tibet, now prevails in the Himalayan Region. The teaching of the Buddha will flourish for a long time yet. In the West, where people are scientific minded, many are taking an interest in our traditions,

“Transforming the mind is not new to us, yet in other parts of the world there is a fresh interest in the teaching of the Buddha.

“When we say, “I take refuge in the Buddha ...” we should know what the word Buddha means. The first syllable of the Tibetan term ‘Sang-gyé’ indicates someone who has overcome all defilements that comprise destructive emotions and their residual stains. The second syllable represents seeing everything there is to be known, such as the Two Truths, clearly. The Buddha, therefore, is someone who has overcome all negativities and gained full and clear knowledge of everything to be known.

Chö, the Tibetan word for Dharma, indicates something that protects you. What does it protect you from? We should study and find out.

“The Buddha taught the Four Noble Truths to begin with and finally passed into parinirvana. In between, he gave extensive teachings. In due course, masters like Nagarjuna explained these teachings in the light of reason and logic.

“Buddhism was brought to Tibet during the reigns of Emperors Songtsen Gampo and Trisong Detsen. The latter invited Shantarakshita, Kamalashila and Guru Padmasambhava to Tibet who introduced and established the scriptural and realizational teachings of Sutra and Tantra.

“The Dharma has to do with training the mind. It’s not about building temples and stupas. It’s about transforming the mind. For example, if you can cultivate patience, you’ll be able to cope with problems and difficulties without feeling despondent. You’ll have the courage to follow the path the Buddha followed and taught.

“You’ll need to understand what suffering is and why it comes about. As I said, the teaching gives us the courage to face difficulties. In my own case, I’ve studied the Buddha’s teaching since I was a child due to the kindness of my teachers. To begin with I didn’t appreciate the purpose of the teachings, but as I grew up, I began to understand how practical and useful they were in my life. When I’ve been confronted by different challenges, my spiritual understanding has made a difference. Understanding the teaching helps you stay calm.

“My main practice is the twofold cultivation of the awakening mind of bodhichitta and the view of emptiness. I employ analysis to understand emptiness and I find it really helpful.

“What does the Buddha’s teaching involve? It provides an opportunity to transform your mind without allowing disturbing emotions to overwhelm you. What’s important is to study the teaching, understand and apply it.”

Indicating the collossal new statue of the Buddha below Karsha Monastery, His Holiness explained that when we see images of the Buddha, they should remind us to think about what he taught. “I was born far away in Amdo and came to Lhasa where I heard the teachings, thought about them and put them into practice. I believe that by practising the Buddha’s teaching we’ll not only transform our own minds, but will also be able to contribute to social harmony.

“We’ve gathered here in Zanskar not with any political motive, but, due to our faith and past prayers. We need to study, reflect and acquire the taste of the teaching. It’s not about external glamour. It’s about cultivating a calm, peaceful mind and inner strength. Our aim is to lead a meaningful life with peace of mind. If you study, you’ll gain conviction in the teaching. If you achieve insight on the basis of reason and logic, you’ll be able to transform your mind and achieve inner peace.

“Today, I’ve been asked to talk about the short text, the ‘Three Principles of the Path’. It begins by paying respects to the teachers and goes on: ‘I will explain as well as I am able the essence of all the teachings of the Conqueror, the path praised by the Conqueror's offspring, the entrance for the fortunate who desire liberation.’

“Verse three says, ‘Without a pure determination to be free there is no way to still

attraction to the pleasures of cyclic existence. Thus, from the outset seek a determination to be free. Verse four continues: Leisure and opportunity are difficult to find; there is no time to waste; reverse attraction to this life. Reverse attraction to future lives. Think repeatedly of the infallible effects of action and the misery of this world.’

“When you look at the world different people are attached to the joys of this life which are a source of suffering, aren’t they? When you have a serious determination to be free, your mind will be calm and you won’t try to harm others. In the various religions of the world, such as Christianity and Islam, when followers are sincere in their practice, there is peace where they live.

“This human existence has 18 special qualities. It’s an opportunity to study the teachings and live a meaningful life. If you don’t understand the teachings, they won’t help you achieve greater happiness for self and others.

“As verse three says: ‘Without a pure determination to be free there is no way to still attraction to the pleasures of cyclic existence. Thus, from the outset seek a determination to be free.’

“When I was a child, I had only a little sense of altruism towards others. Then my teachers, Ling Rinpoché and Trijang Rinpoché, taught me about it, I reflected on it and my sense of concern for others developed and grew. As a result, when I look back on my life now, I feel it has been meaningful.

“I’ve faced all sorts of challenges, but with the help of a determination to be free, the awakening mind and the correct view of emptiness I’ve remained steadfast in my determination to follow the Buddha’s teaching. When I see conflict in the world, my courage and wish to help others increases. It helps not to be depressed but to cultivate inner strength and loosen the grip of self-centredness.

“In the cycle of existence suffering arises everywhere as a result of different causes and conditions. When you see suffering you are prompted to develop a determination to be free. I observe that people want to be happy, but mostly they are occupied with the pleasures of this life. When I think about my own life, I recognize how good it is that I don’t have this kind of attachment. I am focused instead on working for the benefit of others.

“When you let your mind be tossed here and there by hatred and attachment, you’ll only face suffering and trouble. If you develop some degree of an altruistic awakening mind you can feel confident about this life and the next.

“As far as I’m concerned, I don’t wish to be boastful, but as soon as I wake up every morning, I reflect on the awakening mind of bodhichitta. It helps me develop the confidence to work for others’ welfare.

“As verse six says: ‘A determination to be free without a pure mind of enlightenment does not bring forth the perfect bliss of unsurpassed enlightenment; therefore, Bodhisattvas generate the excellent mind of enlightenment.’ Verses seven and eight outline how to generate such a mind: ‘Swept by the current of the four powerful rivers, tied by strong bonds of actions so hard to undo, caught in the iron net of the misconception of self, completely enveloped by the darkness of ignorance, born and reborn in boundless cyclic existence, ceaselessly tormented by the three miseries all beings, my mothers, are in this condition. Thinking of them I generate the mind of enlightenment.’

“Everyone else is like me in not wanting to suffer, but wanting to be happy. But through not understanding what causes suffering and what the causes of happiness are, we allow ourselves to be overwhelmed by the three poisons, greed, anger and delusion. When we familiarize our minds with bodhichitta and we see others suffering, we wish to work for their benefit by attaining enlightenment.

“This is reflected in the lines of verse eight: ‘Ceaselessly tormented by the three miseries all beings, my mothers, are in this condition. Thinking of them I generate the awakening mind.’

“As I’ve already said, ‘Everyone wants to be happy and not to suffer, but suffering befalls us while happiness seems to be so far away. Therefore, we need to think about working for the benefit of others who are our suffering mothers.’

“The reasons for developing the correct view are that as verse nine makes clear: ‘Though we may practise the determination to be free and the awakening mind, without wisdom, the realization of emptiness, we cannot cut the root of cyclic existence, therefore we strive to understand dependent arising.’

“Dependent means that whatever there is, whether external or internal, even up to the highest qualities of the Buddha, dependence does not deflect understanding of emptiness. Arising refers to how things are in terms of their causes and conditions—their conventionality.

“To work for happiness by creating the causes of happiness and conquering suffering by overcoming its causes, is very good. If you reflect on bodhichitta, which I do, as well as the view of emptiness, both of which I reflect on as soon as I wake up, you’ll find they really provide practical benefits. None of you here want suffering; you want to be happy. Suffering comes about because of our self-cherishing attitudes. To counter those we should try to cherish others as much as we can and weaken our self-centred attitudes.

“This is how to transform your mind by cultivating an altruistic attitude. I find this to be really helpful. Reflecting on and familiarizing your mind with cherishing others clearly brings about a transformation within. I urge you to do this as much as you can.

“As I have mentioned, I’ve trained my mind since I was a child and I’ve noticed that year by year my mind has changed. So, my dear Dharma friends, I urge you to develop the awakening mind. Bringing about change in your mind by familiarizing yourselves with these principles is quite natural. Since time without beginning, we have familiarized ourselves with attachment and hatred. If we are able to develop antidotes to these disturbing emotions, we will gradually be able to transform our own minds by diminishing our self-centredness and misconception of reality.

“Verses ten, eleven and twelve tell us that ‘One who sees the infallible cause and effect of all phenomena in cyclic existence and peace, and destroys all false perceptions, has entered the path which pleases the Buddha. Appearances are infallible dependent arising: emptiness is free of assertions. As long as these two understandings are seen as separate, you have not yet realized the intent of the Buddha. But when these two realizations are simultaneous and concurrent, from a mere sight of infallible dependent arising comes certain knowledge which completely destroys all modes of mental grasping. At that time the analysis of the profound view is complete.’

“The three principles of the path to transforming ourselves within are the determination to be free, the altruistic awakening mind and the correct view. I have worked to cultivate these and found them to be really helpful. There are increasing numbers of people interested in the teaching of the Buddha. We too are his followers and must do our best to share what we know for the well-being of the world. When you familiarize your mind with altruism, it will reduce the strength of your self-cherishing attitudes.”

Next His Holiness announced that he would lead a brief ceremony for developing the awakening mind of bodhichitta. To start with he advised all those present to recite the seven-limb prayer to collect merit and purification. He asked those present to repeat the following verses after him.

I seek refuge in the Three Jewels;
Each and every wrongdoing I confess.
I rejoice in the virtues of all beings.
I take to heart the state of Buddhahood.

I go for refuge until I am enlightened
To the Buddha, the Dharma, and the Supreme Assembly,
In order to fulfil the aims of myself and others
I develop the awakening mind.

Having developed the aspiration for highest enlightenment,
I invite all sentient beings as my guests,
I shall enact the delightful supreme enlightening practices.
May I become a Buddha to benefit all sentient beings.

In giving the oral transmission of the mantras of the Buddha, Avalokiteshvara, Manjushri, Arya Tara, the Medicine Buddha, Guru Rinpoché and finally the Mig-tse-ma invocation of Jé Tsongkhapa, he again asked the congregation to repeat after him.

His Holiness’s final words were that the three principles of the path are the supreme method for becoming a true follower of the Buddha.

A thanksgiving mandala was offered, followed by a prayer for His Holiness’s long life, the Words of Truth, an invocation to the guardian deities of Tibet, and verses of auspiciousness.

His Holiness thanked everyone who had taken part in organizing the occasion, as well as everyone who attended.

Lamas playing horns, drums and cymbals welcomed him as his car turned into the Kalachakra ground. First of all, he drove to the site of the proposed Zanskar Mönlam Chörten, where he viewed a model that revealed a hemispherical stupa in the Indian style. An explanatory poster showed that the structure will include a library, museum and gallery, administrative offices, auditorium, handicraft centre and so forth. His Holiness unveiled a brass plaque describing the project, and laid the foundation stone with a mason’s trowel. Standing in the shade of a golden umbrella, he recited words of blessing and tossed grain into the air praying for the success of the project.

He then drove to the Kalachakra temple. As he was doing so, two groups were engaged in spirited debate. On one side was a collection of schoolchildren, while on the other was a group of Zanskari women in full local costume.

His Holiness took his seat before the throne. To his right sat the Sharpa Chöjé Rinpoché, Thamthog Rinpoché, Abbot of Namgyal Monastery, the Abbot of Ganden Jangtsé Monastery and the young reincarnations of Lhagyal Rinpoché.

Then began prayers for His Holiness’s long life offered by the people of Zanskar, organized by the Zanskar Buddhist Association, the Zanskar Gompa Association and the organizers of the Great Summer Debate. The ritual started with verses for taking refuge in the Three Jewels. Requests were made to the Enlightened Ones to grant the master long life. A mandala was offered. The Chant-master commenced the Invocation of the 16 Arhats, which formed the basis of today’s ritual. It included the refrain, “Grant your blessings that the life of our teacher may be secure.”

The 16 Arhats or Elders are beings who have pledged to protect the teachings of the Buddha. The first to be invoked was Angala who is said to reside on Mount Kailash.

As verses declared, “In order that our master live long and continue to teach we make this offering,” His Holiness was offered an elaborate mandala, traditional gifts of monastic robes, a monk’s staff, fruit and so forth, as well as the eight auspicious symbols the seven emblems of royalty and the eight auspicious substances.

Local dignitaries and donors stepped up to pay their respects to His Holiness and receive his blessings. A procession of local people bearing a variety of offerings filed before and round the temple, the last in the line being an elderly man bearing a Tibetan flag aloft.

Requests continued to be made. “Great helmsman of peace in the world, may you live a hundred aeons. You, emanation of Avalokiteshvara, embodiment of great compassion, please live long for the benefit of all beings in the six realms of existence. Lamp of peace in world, may you live long. The devout pray to you from the depth of their hearts. May the life of our teacher be secure and may the teachings flourish and spread.”

The Sixteen Arhats and the Four Directional Protectors were invoked once more. In addition to Angala, they are Pindolabharadvaja, Kanakavatsa, Kanaka, Subinda, Bakula, Bhadra, Kalika, Vajraputra, Shvapaka, Panthaka, Rahula, Nagasena, Vanavaasi, Ajita, and Culapanthaka.

Requests were made to the Elder, Ajita, who dwells in the crystal forest in front of Sage Mountain surrounded by 100 Arhats. He is requested: “May the life of our teacher be secure and may the teachings flourish and spread.” The Elders Kalika and Vanavaasi were invoked: “Grant your blessings that our teacher may live long and that the teachings may flourish and spread. May there be the auspiciousness of the great Elders.”

Dedication prayers were chanted, followed by the Prayer of the Words of Truth.

Next His Holiness addressed the gathering. “Today, in this auspicious land you have made an extensive long-life offering to me. I will live long for the benefit of beings and the teachings of the Buddha. So far, when I was in Tibet or when I visited China, Mongolia and the Trans-Himalayan Region and many other places, people refered to me as the Victorious Tenzin Gyatso, the Dalai Lama out of their firm faith and unwavering devotion. Many of these people have prayed for my long life.

“In this life I’ve been born a Tibetan. I grew up in Tibet. Although I’ve not been able to do things that would satisfy me, in this Trans-Himalayan Region everyone, men and women, monastics and laity, young and old, has placed their trust in me from the depths of their hearts. They have also made prayers for the flourishing of the teachings of the Buddha.

“Here too you have conducted a ritual for my long life. People of the Trans-Himalayan Regions who abide on the borders of Tibet have unwavering faith in me. But not only here, in the West too, where people are not traditionally Buddhist, there are people who have faith in the teaching of the Buddha based on a sound understanding of what he taught. Many of these progressive intellectuals admire me, the Dalai Lama. This is something special; it’s unusual.

“In the Tibetan tradition Lamas sit on a high throne and people pay homage to them. In the West, however, people are scientific minded. Their admiration is not based just on faith but on understanding the teaching of the Buddha. They don’t say, this is my Lama, this is what he says, and follow it merely out of faith.

“As far as I am concerned, I have tried to be sincere, working for the benefit of the teaching of the Buddha in general and our various spiritual traditions, as well as sentient beings. Consequently, there are people who sincerely appreciate what I say and have faith in it.

“So, in this very auspicious place, many devout people have gathered and made prayers for me to live long. As a result of your sincere devotion, may this prayer for my long life be fulfilled.

“You people of Zanskar and I have had strong connections for many years now. I hold the title of Dalai Lama but I have studied logic and reasoning, epistemology, (pramana) since I was a child. I’ve also studied the Perfection of Wisdom, as well as Madhyamaka and other sciences. Finally, I sat for my Geshé Lharam degree in Lhasa during the Great Prayer Festival (Mönlam Chenmo). Since then, I have worked wholeheartedly to serve the teaching of the Buddha in addition to sentient beings.

“When I visited China in 1954, I became quite close to Mao Zedong. Once he told me that religion is poison and in my mind I felt it was a foolish thing to say. Within religion, the Buddhist tradition that we follow, which is a combination of Sutra and Tantra, takes a quite scientific approach. This is why scientists come to me and we hold discussions about emotions, mind and emotions. Buddhism has an intellectual aspect to it which we can demonstrate through reason and logic.

“Since I was a child, I have studied in this tradition and I feel a sense of gratitude to my teachers when I recall their qualities of body, speech and mind.

“This Buddhist tradition we uphold is based on reason. A number of devotees have gathered here and with single-pointed faith and commitment have prayed for my long life. From my side I feel I will live for many more years yet. There have been prophecies about how long I will live, as well as indications in my dreams.

“So far, I have done my best to serve the Buddhadharma and beings. I have also worked for peace and non-violence in the world. This has been my single-pointed practice for the good of humanity. And it seems that local spirits and deities appreciate what I’ve been doing.

“You have made prayers from the depths of your hearts for me to live for several decades more. I have made quite a good contribution to the teaching of the Buddha and to the world at large. I have shared the teachings of the Buddha with modern scientists through my own scientific outlook. They admire what I have had to tell them.

“The Buddha has been very kind to us. His teaching has been explained by masters such as Nagarjuna, Asanga and so forth, as well as by incomparable masters of the various traditions we have had in Tibet. We pray that this complete teaching of the Buddha, comprising Sutra and Tantra traditions, may long endure so that it can be of help to the beings of this world. Thank you, everyone.”

His Holiness walked to the Padum People’s Palace (Padum Mimang Phodrang) nearby, where he had lunch and afterwards drove back to the Karsha Phodrang.

He then climbed into a car for the drive up to the new Karsha Phodrang (KarGön Palace). The road from the helipad as far as the Duzin Phodrang and then from the bridge over the Suru River and up to the new Phodrang was lined by thousands of people in their finery. Their joyful faces reflected their elation that His Holiness was among them once more and that they were able to see him as he passed. He smiled and waved in return. Yesterday, members of the public were seen weeping with disappointment that His Holiness had been unable to come. Today, they wept with joy that he had arrived.

While His Holiness was driving up to the new Phodrang, Chief Executive Councilor of the Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Tashi Gyalson, reached the temple. He paid his respects to the Tulkus before taking his own seat.

The sound of horns, drums and cymbals announced His Holiness’s arrival at the Karsha Phodrang. He was greeted at the door by the Abbot of Karsha Monastery and a representative of the Muslim community. He walked to his chair before the throne. To his right sat Thiksey Rinpoché, the Sharpa Chöjé Rinpoché and Lhagyal Tulku, while to his left sat Thamtog Rinpoché, Abbot of Namgyal Monastery.

A verse of welcome was recited:

May the sound of the great Dharma drum
Dispel the sufferings of sentient beings
May you live for an inconceivable 100 aeons
And turn the Wheel of Dharma

In the heavenly Snow Land of Tibet.
You are the source of all good and happiness,
May Tenzin Gyatso, Lord Avalokiteshvara,
Remain until the cycle of existence comes to an end.

Chair of the Organizing Committee of the Summer Mega Symposium, Geshé Losang Tsephel opened the proceedings: “With these verses of salutation to His Holiness the Dalai Lama, we pay our respects to him, expressing our gratitude to him for gracing this occasion with his presence. I also pay respects to Shartsé Chöjé Rinpoché, Thiksey Rinpoché, Namgyal Abbot Thamthog Rinpoché, the Kargil DC, Rakesh Kumar, CEC Tashi Gyalson and other dignitaries.

“Monasteries, nunneries and schools in Zanskar and Ladakh have taken to heart His Holiness’s advice not to leave the classic texts on the shelf unread, but to study and investigate them. This Summer Mega Symposium (Great Summer Debate) is part of that project. Focusing on this Symposium has been very beneficial for the people of Ladakh.

“His Holiness has told us that the people of the Himalayan Region have a special responsibility to keep the Buddhism of Tibet alive. Buddhist teachings have not only benefited Buddhists, but also those who simply seek happiness in this life. Their benefit extends beyond the monastic setting to include schools. Monks and nuns from Ladakh, Zanskar, Lahaul & Spiti, Kinnaur and so forth, as well as children from 27 schools are participating in this symposium at Karsha Monastery. Schoolchildren now routinely learn about ‘mind and awareness’ as well as ‘logic and reasoning’, which have become part of their mainstream curriculum.

“In short, the influence of this Summer Symposium not only affects schoolchildren positively, it creates opportunities for people of different faiths to hold discussions with one another. It is an opportunity to spread education.

“We presented our plans to His Holiness in Dharamsala. He gave us his consent and support, for which we are grateful. The Kargil DC and the CEC of the LAHDC have also been clear in their support. On behalf of the organizers, I would like to thank everyone who has given us help. I pray that His Holiness may live long and that his wishes may be fulfilled. May peace and happiness prevail throughout the world.”

The Kargil DC, Mr Rakesh Kumar, addressed the gathering. He paid respects to His Holiness and the various guests and congratulated the organizers and participants in the symposium. He sought His Holiness’s blessings for the peace and prosperity of the people of Ladakh.

Schoolchildren demonstrated how they have learned to debate. They began by reciting the verse of salutation from Nagarjuna’s ‘Root Wisdom’ and a verse of homage to His Holiness. They then recited Chapter 18 of ‘Root Wisdom’ from memory. They discussed how an altruistic attitude, the wish to help others, is the source of all happiness. They concluded with the clear assertion that an altruistic attitude can be learned about, cultivated and put into practice.

Another group discussed universals and specifics in the context of valid cognition.

Guests and organizers came forward to receive His Holiness’s blessings.

The moderator announced that the root teacher of us all, the Champion of World Peace would now be requested to address the gathering.

His Holiness began: “I left my native place in Amdo and came to Lhasa where I studied for some years. I gave public talks in Tibet and visited the great monastic seats, the centres of learning, around Lhasa.

“The Chinese Communists have taken away not only our political rights; they have also sought control of our spiritual traditions. When I was in Beijing in 1954 Mao mentioned to me that religion is poison. I believe he was sincere according to his own way of thinking, although I said nothing in return, but in my own mind I realized he was hostile to the Dharma.

“The Chinese Communist policy is that religious tradition is no more than blind faith and so deserves to be destroyed. They consider the Dharma with animosity. However, the teaching of the Buddha we uphold that combines study, reflection and meditation. The study of the great treatises in the light of logic and reason is something wonderful.

“I learned about Buddhist philosophy and logic, as well as ‘mind and awareness’, from my childhood. Being able to think about the Buddha’s teaching is invaluable. It was explained to me in terms of logic and reason. Later, I discovered that even modern scientists found our logical approach, derived as it is from the Nalanda Tradition, attractive and interesting.

“Unlike other religions that are based more on faith, in our tradition of Buddhism we place emphasis on logic and reasoning. These tools are immensely important and can help us improve our understanding of almost any topic. We don’t just take for granted what previous masters have taught.

“Because we place special emphasis on logic and reason in the way we teach and study Buddhism, Chinese Communist authorities have imposed specific restrictions on our traditions. As a result, there has been a decline and destruction of Buddhist teachings in Tibet. However, in exile we have been able to keep our traditions alive and our efforts have received substantial support from the government and people of India.

“As far as I’m concerned, I studied the classic texts and took exams for my Geshé degree. One of my most important teachers was a Mongolian master named Ngodrup Tsognyi who helped me understand the philosophy of the Middle Way. Debate with people like him enabled me to gain a good understanding of the teachings. On the basis of my own experience, I’ve learned how beneficial engaging in debate can be. It’s an approach that allows us to really use our intelligence.

“There may be times when we have to interpret what the Buddha taught. This is good. It broadens our understanding. We Tibetans in exile are a relatively small group, but because we take a logical approach, we have been able to preserve our traditions. Here in Zanskar, at this critical time, these traditions are being preserved through logic and reason—that’s all I have to say, thank you.”

Children from the Rainbow School sang the following lines and danced to the beat of a drum:

How fortunate we are to have the Wish-fulfilling Jewel here at the new Karsha Phodrang. Although you are 90 years old, you do your best. You have visited and stayed with us several times and we all have the good fortune to see you, Your Holiness. Just having the good fortune to hear Tenzin Gyatso, the Dalai Lama, our eyes fill with tears of joy. We are so fortunate to have His Holiness among us even though he is now 90 years old—thank you for coming to inaugurate this Palace.

Groups of Zanskari women in their best clothes and ornaments, some wearing tie-dyed sashes over their robes, others adorned by elaborate head-dresses decorated with turquoise and coral, performed poignant songs as they danced.

The chief organizer was called upon to deliver words of thanks. He paid homage to the Buddha who, moved by compassion dispelled wrong views. He gave an account of the costs involved in establishing the Karsha Phodrang and the funds that were raised to meet them. He thanked everyone present for coming, reserving his greatest gratitude for His Holiness, who stood up and made his way to the lift that would carry him up to his quarters at the top of the new building.

After a brief welcoming ceremony, His Holiness and his entourage began the nine-kilometre journey to Shewatsel Phodrang. Jubilant people lined the road all the way—Ladakhis, Tibetans and people from elsewhere. Jeeploads of costumed dancers and monk musicians drove in front. In places the crowds were several rows deep. They held flowers, silk scarves and incense in their hands. Others held umbrellas against the fierce sun. Many sang and danced as His Holiness passed. In addition to Buddhists, boys and girls from Muslim schools greeted His Holiness. A surprising number of young people shed tears of joy to see His Holiness as he passed.

At Shewatsel Phodrang His Holiness was greeted by monks and nuns chanting and playing horns, drums and cymbals. At the door to the palace groups of traditional Ladakhi drummers beat out a welcome.

As His Holiness stepped out of the car Thiksey Rinpoché was there to greet him and lead him to the throne inside. The hall was full. Monastics sat to His Holiness’s right while laypeople sat to his left. His Holiness lost no time in addressing the gathering.

“The Buddhism we have in Tibet is something which can be explained scientifically and is practical in terms of meditation practice. So, the Buddhist tradition of Tibet can withstand rigorous testing just as gold is tested by burning, cutting and polishing.

“Scientists don’t make any assertions about past or future lives, nor do they talk about liberation, but they recognize that people who practise Tibetan Buddhism stay calm. Their minds are not disrupted by destructive emotions. If you want to look at Tibetan Buddhism in terms of liberation, there is a long way to go, but if you practise it well, you’ll be calm and engage with others in an affectionate, friendly way.

“I observe Tibetan Buddhism in my own life and have found it very useful. Many of my friends, scientists among them, also recognize the value of our Buddhist traditions.

“People who don’t know what the Dharma really is usually focus on reciting mantras and performing rituals. That’s not the real practice of Dharma. The real practice is to subdue your unruly mind. It’s about transforming your mind so that you’re able to weaken the destructive emotions in order to benefit of all mother sentient beings. Like you they want to be happy and don’t want to suffer. Such beings help us cultivate compassion for others.

“As far as I’m concerned, as soon as I wake up in the morning, I reflect on bodhichitta and emptiness, which really helps me avert attachment and anger, which are untamed states of mind.

“It would be good if you too could all work on those factors that undermine the destructive emotions of attachment and anger by implementing the unique teaching of Buddhism as preserved in our tradition. That is what I try to do.

“I began the memorization and study of philosophical treatises in my childhood. As I grew older and faced all kinds of challenges, I found that what I had learned then included an extremely practical approach to countering the destructive emotions. When I appeared for my Geshé Degree Examination at the various monastic universities around Lhasa and I debated with very skilled Geshés, I realised how effective dialectics and debate are in the study of Buddhism.

“What was crucial for me was not to sit on a high throne as a Tulku, but to debate with the ordinary monks by sitting together with them in the debating courtyard. This is how I shared their spiritual education. Sitting on a high throne, pretending to be a holy Lama is a mistake.

“In my own case, I did not remain idle and aloof. During my examinations I sometimes sat down and answered questions put to me, but also took my turn to pose questions too. I found debate highly effective for my studies. It sharpened my mind and led me to discern reality correctly.

“I had eight Debate Assistants, some of whom were excellent scholars that I found hard to defeat. Unless I had prepared well and thought the topics through before debating with them, it was very difficult to come up with effective questions to dislodge their position in debate. However, the Debate Assistant from Deyang Monastery was one I could outdo and sometimes I fooled him, while at others I bullied him.

“The other Debate Assistants from Losel Ling, Gomang, and Sera represented a challenge in debate and I had to be really well prepared when I debated with them. In fact, Sera and Drepung were well-known for their debate skills, while Ganden monks were fewer in number and were nicknamed ‘Renunciant Hill Retreatants’. The Sera and Drepung scholars were excellent, demonstrating how essential debate is in our study of Buddhist philosophy.

“Of course, in the trans-Himalayan belt you have faith and interest in the Tibetan Buddhist tradition. However, it’s also important for you study the teaching through debate, which is based on the treatise on logic and epistemology, the nature of knowledge, so that you can uproot misconceptions. This is what I did when I was young.

“We have a Tibetan custom of studying both the Middle Way (Madhyamaka) and logic (Pramana) together. This is a unique, useful approach derived from the Nalanda Tradition. I threw myself wholeheartedly into studying both these two.

“I know you people in the trans-Himalayan belt already have well-established educational institutions, but there is always room to improve. I recommend you learn about the Middle Way and logic from your teachers and then exercise what you’ve learned in debate with each other.”

His Holiness alluded to the destruction the Chinese authorities have wrought upon the traditions of studying the great treatises in Tibet. He stressed the importance of scholars from the Himalayan region working to keep these traditions of study alive. He recalled how the chaos in Tibet in 1959 meant he couldn’t stay and had to flee. Since then, he said, the Government of India has been immensely supportive of and has extended tremendous assistance to Tibetans. He reiterated how great learning traditions that could not continue in Tibet have been re-established in centres of learning in India.

“The precious traditions that we can learn and implement in daily life,” he continued, “have declined in Tibet. Those who fled to India have had the responsibility of preserving these traditions. In Tibet many experienced harsh Chinese treatment, so here in the freedom of India we must do whatever we can to preserve these precious traditions.

“In the past we had great practitioners who familiarized themselves with these transformative traditions. This is now very difficult to do in Tibet, which is why it is so important that you people of the trans-Himalayan belt should uphold these traditions.

“I studied hard when I was young and toured the monastic centres of learning to debate with the scholars there during the Great Prayer Festival (Mönlam Chenmo). A lot of Geshés were keen to debate with me, and I am grateful that I was able to debate with them. When I reflect now on what I learned during my debate tour in Lhasa, I feel my life has been meaningful.

“The night I left Norbulingka in 1959 I did a lot of investigation including consulting the Nechung Oracle and doing divinations. I decided to go. We crossed the river running through Lhasa and climbed the pass. From there I looked back at the city where the Chinese authorities had imposed such tight controls that citizens were under great pressure and stress. I felt sad that whereas in the past Lhasa had been a great place to study and learn from the great treatises, it was no more.

“But it’s useless to stay sad. Instead we have to do something. When I reached the Tibetan border with India, I decided I would have to put all my effort into building institutions that would preserve what we used to have. We have done quite well.

“In China, the political situation is not stable, but interest in Buddhism is growing. I have received many messages inviting me to visit China, but I feel it would be difficult to teach about Buddhism in a country where there is no freedom—I feel it’s more effective to teach about Buddhism in India.

“You people of the Himalayan region share a religion and culture with us, especially our language and literature. I have done all I can to revive and strengthen the bonds between us.”

With that His Holiness retired to his quarters for the day.

Thank you for your warm greetings on my 90th birthday. I very much appreciate your kind gesture.

The 90th birthday is conventionally considered an important milestone in one’s life. I have dedicated myself to spreading the message of compassion and kindness, which I believe is the basis for peace and happiness in this world, and will continue doing so.

As I often tell my friends and well-wishers, I would request you to join me in this effort, to be warm-hearted and to lead a meaningful life in the service of others; that will be the best birthday gift to me.

I feel my life has been of some benefit to people across the world, and I dedicate the rest of my time to the service of others.

Thank you and with my good wishes,

Dalai Lama

10 July 2025

As the national anthems of Tibet and India were sung, their two flags were raised by Sikyong Penpa Tsering and Chief Guest Rajiv Ranjan Singh, Minister of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying in the Central Government.

The Sikyong then made several introductory remarks. “Your Holiness, you lead everyone on a path to peace, because of which we pay our respects to you with body speech and mind. You have particularly taught about your four commitments: promoting human values, religious harmony, ancient Indian wisdom, and the preserving Tibetan culture. Consequently, we are dedicating the twelve months from today as a Year of Compassion and we call on our friends and supporters to join us in observing it.”

The Sikyong remarked that the Kashag has issued a statement that, in the interest of saving time he asked people to read for themselves. He read out a message His Holiness received this morning from Prime Minister Modi:

I join 1.4 billion Indians in extending our warmest wishes to His Holiness the Dalai Lama on his 90th birthday. He has been an enduring symbol of love, compassion, patience and moral discipline. His message has inspired respect and admiration across all faiths. We pray for his continued good health and long life.

Next, he introduced the honoured guests: Sri Rajiv Ranjan Singh, Union Minister for Panchayati Raj and Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and; Sri Kiren Rijiju, Union Minister for Parliamentary Affairs and Minority Affairs & Dairying; Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh, Sri Pema Kandu, who was accompanied by his family; Ven Sonam Lama, Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs, Public Health, Engineering and Water Resources, Sikkim; Sri Tashi Gyalson, Chief Executive Officer, Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, who is accompanied by 12 other members of the council. MLAs Drukpa Tsering and Sudhir Sharma, supporters from the Czech Republic as well as Raja Karuna from Sri Lanka.

The Sikyong also mentioned a substantial delegation from the US State Department and Staff from the US Embassy in Delhi who have worked diligently with the CTA to restore some of the recently curtailed support funds. The Sikyong assumed that everyone knows Richard Gere who has long given his dedicated support to the Tibetan cause and is Chairman of the International Campaign for Tibet. He was here with his son Homer. The present MEA Liaison Officer and several of his predecessors were there, as were Sri Hemraj Bhadwaj and Senior Superintendent of Police, Shalini Agnihotri. Many other friends were present—too many to name.

“I thank His Holiness for his presence here with us,” the Sikyong continued. “Thanks also to the spiritual leaders who took part in the successful conference during which His Holiness agreed that the Institution of Dalai Lama should continue.”

His Holiness was invited to address the gathering.

“Today, my dear friends, you are celebrating my 90th birthday. You have gathered here with joy in your hearts. I am a human being and it is natural for human beings to be affectionate and to help one another. Those of us who come from Buddhist countries have a strong sense of brotherhood and sisterhood.

“I regularly reflect on what Shantideva wrote in his book, ‘Entering into the Bodhisattva’s Way of Life’ and I consider all beings as my friends and relatives.

“You are attending this celebration happily, with joy in your hearts. Your joy inspires me because I cultivate awakening mind of bodhichitta. As a consequence of this, many people treat me with respect. If I was selfish and self-centred that wouldn’t be the case.

“Bodhichitta is a powerful practice. Combining it with the view of emptiness I establish the foundation for my enlightenment. I took bhikshu, Buddhist monk’s, vows in front of the Jowo, the principal image of the Buddha in Lhasa, in the company of my tutors Tagdak Rinpoché, Ling Rinpoché and Trijang Rinpoché. I have kept them well—I observe them with bodhichitta. If I am able to continue to practise well, I’ll be able to die in peace.

“I’m 90 years old today. In addition to bodhichitta, I have also worked to cultivate concentration (shamatha) and special insight (vipashyana) as well as I could. I feel I have not wasted my life, and although I have the title of Dalai Lama, I’m not proud of myself. As a follower of the Buddha, a bhikshu or monk, serving other people and serving the teaching, these are my main practices.

“Genuine bodhichitta arises gradually, but I am moved to serve others, and the more I do that the greater the joyful response I feel from others.

“Many people have gathered here today, not out of any sense of obligation, but out of joy and respect. I appeal to you all to make bodhichitta and an understanding of emptiness your own practice—thank you.”

Speaker of the Tibetan Parliament-in-exile, Khenpo Sonam Tenphel spoke next. He thanked the guests, staff of the CTA and members of His Holiness’s family for coming together for his celebration. He reviewed His Holiness’s achievements in Tibet and since coming to India, focusing on his having established a full-fledged democratic system among Tibetans in exile supporting the three pillars of legislature, executive, and judiciary.

“What a glorious day to celebrate the life of His Holiness,” Richard Gere began. “These remarkable guests have gathered to pay their respects to one of the most extraordinary people ever to walk this planet. He doesn’t really care about birthdays, but we do, especially this one. For him, every day is a birthday, every breath is a birthday. I live a fairly typical Western life, but His Holiness embodies selflessness, love and compassion. His Holiness doesn’t just belong to Tibet; he belongs to the world.”

Tashi Gyalson from Ladakh paid his respects to his fellow guests and told the gathering that in the Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council has recently created a portfolio to deal with Tibetan affairs. “His Holiness’s life has been a beacon of love and compassion. Your presence has given us strength and hope. We are happy to know you will shortly be visiting us. We are declaring July the month of compassion. Tashi delek and Julay.

“On behalf of the Chief Minister and people of Sikkim I greet His Holiness on his 90th birthday,” declared Ven Sonam Lama. “The great Fifth Dalai Lama made special connections with Sikkim and many of our monasteries and temples date from his time. Relations between Sikkim and the Dalai Lamas are centuries old, and we the people of Sikkim are inseparable like milk mixed with water.”

Pema Kandu acknowledged his fellow Indian guests and greeted the international representatives present. “It is with immense pride that I join you here. His Holiness is an icon of love and compassion, who has touched millions of hearts around the world. He has not only kept his spiritual legacy, the Nalanda Tradition, alive, he has also reminded people that Tibet is the water-tower of Asia. He has visited us frequently in Arunachal Pradesh—we draw inspiration from him.

“Educating the heart to exercise responsibility and develop lasting peace are not built on fear but on inner peace. He continues to inspire us that true good sense lies not in power, but in empathy. Humanity’s greatest resource is kindness. India is especially blessed to be His Holiness’s second home. He often expresses his gratitude to ancient Indian masters like Nagarjuna, Shantarakshita and Atisha. He is committed to reviving their teachings for modern times. Thanks to His Holiness’s farsightedness, Tibetan spiritual traditions have found a refuge in various parts of India. He has also inspired the entire Himalayan Region to revive and preserve its rich spiritual and cultural heritage.

“We in Arunachal Pradesh have a strong bond with the Dalai Lama’s dating back to the Fifth. His Holiness’s statement that the Institution of Dalai Lama will continue has brought clarity and comfort to millions of people, especially those who belong to the Himalayan Buddhist community. This decision reinforces the meaning of religious freedom.

“We in Arunachal Pradesh, particularly the Mönpas, and other people of the Himalayan Region stand by his vision, we cherish his teachings, and pray for His Holiness’s long, healthy, joyful life. May his life continue to guide humanity towards peace, understanding and harmony. Long live His Holiness the Dalai Lama, Böd-Gyalo, Tashi Delek and Jai Hind.”

Guest of Honour, Kiren Rijiju paid his respects to His Holiness and saluted his fellow guests. “His Holiness the Dalai Lama is one of the most admired spiritual leaders in the world,” he declared, “and is an honoured guest in India. He is a messenger of ancient Indian wisdom and encourages us Indians to revive our ancient knowledge. Whatever decision he makes about the future of the Institution of Dalai Lama we will follow and support.

“I was privileged to attend His Holiness’s 80th birthday celebrations and here I am again. The Tibetan community is peaceful and makes a positive contribution to society wherever they are.

“In 2023 I joined His Holiness in laying the foundation stone for the Dalai Lama Centre for Tibetan and Ancient Indian Wisdom. We need his continued presence among us because he transcends religious boundaries.

“As we mark this milestone in His Holiness’s life, it is important to honour the deep historical relationship between India and Tibet. Great masters like Shantarakshita and Guru Padmasambhava journeyed from India to Tibet in the eighth century and planted seeds of Dharma that would flourish in Tibetan soil. These teachings, rooted in the profound Nalanda Tradition, have been preserved and enhanced by Tibetan scholars.

“On behalf of the people and government of India I bow down before His Holiness’s lotus feet and wish him a very happy birthday and a long life so he can continue to guide us and suffering humanity with his compassion. He is a visionary statesman and a spiritual master whose influence extends to global ethics. His teachings on compassion, mindfulness and interdependence resonate with people of all faiths and backgrounds.

“His application of bodhisattva ideas in modern society, combining wisdom (prajna) and compassion (karuna) is unique. We feel blessed by his presence in our country. He holds the view that India can make a significant contribution to world peace through cultivating inner peace. He has regularly reiterated that India could revive its ancient knowledge.

“As a devotee myself, and on behalf of all the millions of devotees across the world, I want to emphatically state that whatever decision His Holiness takes about established traditions, we will fully follow the guidelines issued by his office.

“I would like to appreciate the declaration of the CTA to observe the year from 6th July 2025 to 2026 as the year of compassion to express our gratitude to His Holiness for his tireless efforts in promoting basic human values and compassion, fostering inter-religious harmony, preserving Tibetan culture and protecting its natural environment, as well as reviving ancient Indian wisdom as it was upheld at Nalanda. I feel blessed to be here. Tashi Delek.”

Rajiv Ranjan Singh saluted his fellow guests and greeted His Holiness on his birthday. “May you share the path of wisdom and non-violence. In the past, Siddhartha Gotama meditated and became enlightened. His teachings spread from Bihar. There is now interest in science and Buddhism in India. Dharmakirti was a great teacher of logic whose ideas were conveyed to Tibet and Mongolia. They spread them and studied them. As a result, now ancient Indian tradition is alive in India once more.

“The Buddha’s teachings have been scrutinized with reason and logic. I’m especially happy that this all began in Bihar, which is where I’m from. The new Dalai Lama Centre in Bodhgaya is being established as a multidisciplinary institution rooted in the Nalanda Tradition. We’ll be able to see this as it develops.

“On this, your 90th birthday, Your Holiness, I pay my respects to you. Tashi Delek.

Bethany Poulos Morrison, Deputy Secretary of State for India and Bhutan read a brief message:

“It’s an honour to be here. I have a message from Secretary of State Marco Rubio.

“The United States extends best wishes to His Holiness the Dalai Lama on his 90th birthday. His Holiness continues to inspire through his message of peace, unity and compassion. The United States remains firmly committed to promoting respect for the human rights and the fundamental freedoms of the Tibetan people. We respect efforts to preserve their distinct linguistic, cultural and religious heritage, including their ability to freely choose and venerate their religious leaders without interference. Thank you.”

Three former US Presidents had recorded brief video messages. President Bill Clinton said “Your Holiness, Hilary and I are honoured to join your countless admirers in wishing you a very happy 90th birthday. Throughout your life you’ve been one of the greatest voices for peace, dialogue and understanding. You’ve inspired millions to follow your example. We need your wisdom more than ever.”

President George W Bush said: “Happy 90th birthday to my friend the Dalai Lama. Your Holiness the world is a troubled place. We need your spirit of kindness, compassion and love more than ever. Thank you for the example you set. Here’s hoping for many more happy birthdays.”

President Barack Obama wished His Holiness, “ Happy birthday to the youngest 90 year old I know. My dear friend His Holiness the Dalai Lama it’s humbling to realise that you’ve been a leader on the world stage for longer than I’ve been alive. You’ve shown generations what it means to practise compassion and speak up for freedom and dignity. Not bad for someone who describes himself as a simple Buddhist monk. Happy birthday Your Holiness. Thank you for your friendship and your example.”

The President of Taiwan sent a message: “Your Holiness I extend heartfelt good wishes for your health and long life on your 90th birthday.

A towering birthday cake was cut and His Holiness ate the first piece. The rest was distributed among those gathered.

A song celebrating His Holiness’s 90th birthday, the Ghoton theme song, was led in Hindi and English by Mohit Chauhan and Bhidishi Sen. A Chinese artist presented a work of art to His Holiness. The Speaker released a new biography of the Great Fourteenth Dalai Lama. The Sikyong presented awards to long serving members of the CTA. Mementos were distributed among the guests.

The organizers announced that His Holiness would leave the dais and requested the crowd to be still. He walked through the courtyard, smiling and waving at devotees, well-wishers and onlookers. Once he had reached his gate and driven up the hill to his residence, the international singing and dancing began.

I am just a simple Buddhist monk; I don’t normally engage in birthday celebrations. However, since you are organizing events focused on my birthday I wish to share some thoughts.

While it is important to work for material development, it is vital to focus on achieving peace of mind through cultivating a good heart and by being compassionate, not just toward near and dear ones, but toward everyone. Through this, you will contribute to making the world a better place.

As for myself, I will continue to focus on my commitments of promoting human values, religious harmony, drawing attention to the ancient Indian wisdom which explains the workings of mind and emotions, and Tibetan culture and heritage, which has so much potential to contribute to the world through its emphasis on peace of mind and compassion.

I develop determination and courage in my daily life through the teachings of the Buddha and Indian masters such as Shantideva, whose following aspiration I strive to uphold.

As long as space endures,
As long as sentient being remain,
Until then, may I too remain
To dispel the miseries of the world.

Thank you for using the opportunity of my birthday to cultivate peace of mind and compassion.

Tashi Deleg and with prayers,

Dalai Lama

5 July 2025

His Holiness took his seat on the dais, while Sakya Gongma Trichen Rinpoché, the presiding master of the ceremony, sat before him. Behind him was Sakya Trizin to whose right sat the Ganden Tri Rinpoché, Taklung Shapdrung, Khenpo Ngedo, and Minling Khenchen. To his left were Menri Trizin, Drikung Chetsang Rinpoché, Khenpo Donyo and Jonang Gyaltsab.

In the elaborately decorated temple courtyard there were photographs of His Holiness at different stages of his life, as well as peace champions—Nelson Mandela, Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr and Mother Teresa.

Prayers began with the seven-line invocation of Guru Padmasambhava, a prayer for the welfare of Tibet and continued with the main ritual for longevity based on a prayer to Amitayus written by the Great Fifth Dalai Lama.

Sakya Gongma Rinpoché was standing before His Holiness paying homage to the Guru on the lion throne when the Tsering Che-nga oracle approached in trance. She made her own offerings as Sakya Gongma continued to follow the ritual he was leading. Next, the Kharak Khyung Tsün oracle appeared and approached the throne to offer representations of the body, speech and mind of the Buddha together on a tray. The Nechung Oracle appeared in trance and offered the three representations directly to His Holiness. He then saluted the chief Lamas and leading members of the CTA. His Holiness the Dalai Lama received the various oracles, their offerings and prayers with an air of fondness.

A long-life prayer by Jamyang Khyentsé Chökyi Lodro, Song of the Nectar of Immortality was recited.

The Dorjé Yudrönma oracle appeared in trance, dancing energetically, followed by the Nyenchen Tangla oracle. The oracles would approach His Holiness, turn away, focussing their attention elsewhere, throwing handfuls of coloured grain by way of blessing, and then returned to His Holiness once more. As their trances came to an end the mediums crumpled up and were swiftly carried out of the temple by their attendants.

A tsog offering was made with the wish, “By this may we overcome all obstacles.”

A steady procession of members of CTA staff carrying offerings—sacred images, scriptures and so forth—to be presented to His Holiness filed through the temple. Sakya Gongma Rinpoché led the offering of a mandala in which the Sikyong, Speaker and Justice Commissioner took part. He then offered three representations of the Buddha’s body, speech and mind, a statue of Amitayus, a scripture and a stupa, followed by a vase of immortality. This he followed with offerings of the nectar of longevity, and long-life pills. His Holiness took some and gave others to Sakya Gongma,

Next were presented coloured ritual cakes of various shapes with a wish that the four kinds of action—peace, increase, control and force—would be accomplished. Trays bearing the eight auspicious symbols, the seven royal emblems and the eight auspicious substances were offered with the wish that His Holiness’s life may be extended.

The Sikyong offered the three representations of the Buddha’s body, speech and mind. The spiritual leaders of Tibet’s principal Buddhist traditions, as well as the Bönpos and Jonangpas came forward to pay their respects to His Holiness. He gave each a white silk scarf and a red protective ribbon.

The Song of Immortality—The Extensive Prayer for the Long Life of His Holiness the Dalai Lama by his two tutors was chanted. This was followed by the invocation of the emanations of Avalokiteshvara in India and Tibet composed by Trulshik Rinpoché.

There followed a musical interlude as a group of young Tibetan men and women sang to His Holiness taking as their lyric the single verse he composed for his long life at the request of Dilgo Khyentsé Rinpoché. It includes the lines—May you live to adorn the earth, great bodhisattva, May you Tenzin Gyatso, Avalokiteshvara, live until the end of the cycle of existence.

His Holiness addressed the congregation:

“Here today we have representatives of gods and human beings gathering the auspicious circumstances for my long life, making your prayers intensely and sincerely. On my part it is clear that I have a connection to Avalokiteshvara. Ever since I was a child I’ve felt I had this connection and I have been able to serve the Buddha Dharma and the beings of Tibet. I still hope to live to be more than 130 years old.

“In China I met with Mao Zedong who told me that religion is poison. I didn’t respond, but I felt compassion for him. Later, I met Nehru. Throughout my life I’ve met people who had an interest in religion and those who did not. Of course, people have different mental dispositions, different inclinations and interests, as is clearly stated in our scriptures. This is quite natural.

“So, we need to engage in methods to bring about happiness and alleviate their sufferings that accord with people’s mental dispositions. Even those with no religious belief strive to be happy and avoid suffering. Modern scientists don’t talk much about religion, but they too seek to be happy and without suffering. Everyone does their best to be happy and to avoid misery. We Tibetans don’t want to suffer we want to be happy.

“We have lived in Tibet for centuries. We have prayed to Jowo Lokeshvara, Jo Yisshin Norbu and created collective karma. We, myself included, had to flee our country. And although we are physically separate, deep in my heart I always remain faithful to Jowo Lokeshvara. We all know that Avalokiteshvara gives his blessings. I have received clear indications that his blessings are here with me.

“As soon as I wake up in the morning, I make a prayer and reflect on bodhichitta in order to fulfil the aims of myself and others. In this way I generate the mind of awakening. I always intend and pray to be able to benefit all beings, including animals. For the last many years, Avalokiteshvara had been there on the crown of my head. I feel his blessings are always there and fall upon me.

“Human beings like you make offerings for my long life. Your dedication is unshakable and single pointed. During the cultural revolution in China, they made collective efforts which gave them strength. For us too, if we maintain our single-pointed faith in Avalokiteshvara and make supplications to him, it will yield results. I too will make such prayers.

“I came from Dhomey, the north-eastern part of Tibet and when I review the various prophecies, I feel I have the blessings of Avalokiteshvara and I’ve done my best so far. And I hope to live for another 30 or 40 years more.

“We’ve lost our country and live in exile in India, but I’ve been able to benefit beings. Living here in Dharamsala I intend to benefit beings and the Dharma as much as I can. I visualize Avalokiteshvara on the crown of my head and I trust in him. You too should make prayers to Avalokiteshvara.

“The essence of the Buddha Dharma is bodhichitta. We make this prayer—to fulfil the aims of myself and others I generate the mind of awakening. You should do that too. That’s all, thank you.”

A thanksgiving mandala was offered to His Holiness in gratitude for his agreeing to remain 100 aeons.

The Lamas put on their traditional hats in their various shapes and colours, as the Prayer for the Non-sectarian Flourishing of the Buddha Dharma was recited. Everyone stood up as the Ghoton song was sung.

His Holiness left the temple saluting the guests and, as he walked to the lift, smiled and waved to eager well-wishers. From the edge of the courtyard he rode in a golf-cart back to his residence, a beaming smile on his face.

Seated at the front to the right of His Holiness were Sakya Trizin, Menri Trichen Rinpoché, Drikung Chetsang Rinpoché, Taklung Matrul Rinpoché representing Taklung Shapdrung. To his left sat Gaden Tri Rinpoché, Minling Khenchen (representing Minling Trichen), Khenpo Ngedo (representing Gyalwang Drukpa), and Jonang Gyaltsap. Kalons and other members of the Central Tibetan Administration (CTA) sat down the side of the hall.

Sikyong Penpa Tsering paid due respect to His Holiness and the other spiritual leaders and read out the three resolutions of the meeting:

1. All participants agreed with and gave their support to His Holiness’s recent statement.
2. Reincarnation is a religious matter. China is using this for political ends, which we will not accept.
3. Everyone attending the meeting accepts His Holiness decision.

His Holiness turned to face the image of the Buddha at the head of the hall so photographs could be taken of him with the delegates.

His Holiness then addressed the gathering.

“So many years have passed since we came into exile and Tibetans have been incomparably strong. Although we are living in exile, we have really done well to preserve our religion and culture under my leadership.

“As far as I’m concerned, as soon as I wake every morning, I generate the awakening mind of bodhichitta, by reciting these lines:

In order to fulfil the aims of myself and others
I shall develop the awakening mind of bodhichitta’

“Bodhichitta is what gives the courage to work for others. So far, I’ve been able to conduct myself in a completely determined way without losing heart.

“I am grateful to you all for convening this 15th Meeting of Tibetan Spiritual Leaders.

“I came from Siling to Lhasa where I took vows before the Jowo.

“All of us have been determined in pursuit of our cause. It’s very good that the people of the three provinces of Tibet have remained united. I am regarded as the leader of these united people. I have engaged in this responsibility with all my determination and courage.

“With regard to the Tibetan Buddhist tradition, there are scriptural and experiential aspects. You, my Dharma brothers and sisters, Lamas and monastics, have a responsibility to preserve it. Please continue to do your best.”

The Religious Affairs Secretary, Dudul Dorjee offered a word of thanks, expressing gratitude to His Holiness, the heads of the various traditions, representatives of monasteries and so forth.

The spiritual leaders also had some words to add. Sakya Trizin mentioned the need to pray for His Holiness’s long life and to work to fulfil his words and wishes. The Ganden Tri Rinpoché said, “As long as the Tibetan people remain in the cycle of existence, may you, Your Holiness, guide us to enlightenment.”

Menri Trichen Rinpoché thanked His Holiness for his words and urged everyone present to follow His Holiness’s advice. Minling Khenchen expressed the wish that His Holiness may be able to go to Tibet and step on Tibetan soil once more. Drikung Chetsang Rinpoché remarked: “Motivated by bodhichitta His Holiness has appeared among us sentient beings, which is our good fortune. Even at 90 years old, His Holiness is determined to work for all beings. I pray for his long life.

Khenpo Ngedo noted that His Holiness has reported that he has received many requests for the institution of the Dalai Lama to continue and for his reincarnation to appear. At this meeting we have made a resolution in support of this.

Taglung Matrul Rinpoché thanked His Holiness for his recent statement and read out the following verse for his long life—

I pray to you, O Supreme Noble Lotus Holder (Padmapani):
You are the adamantine Gentle Glory who has Mastery of Speech,
Your vase of Sublime Insight is replete with the nectar of Exalted Wisdom,
And you are the embellishing jewellery
(Beautifully adorning) the Vast playful Ocean of Upholders of Dharma!

Jonang Gyaltsab said he would like to remind everyone of His Holiness’s kindness and his enlightened deeds, which are not limited to Tibetans, but focus on all sentient beings. He prayed for His Holiness’s long life and that he may return to the Potala Palace to turn the Wheel of Dharma.

The Religious Secretary thanked all those who took part in the meeting and apologized for any shortcomings that may have taken place. He concluded by observing that the source of all good and happiness in the world is the Buddha Dharma—and he wished that it may remain for a long time, that the Lamas live long and that Tibetans may be united.

On 24 September 2011, at a meeting of the heads of Tibetan spiritual traditions, I made a statement to fellow Tibetans in and outside Tibet, followers of Tibetan Buddhism, and those who have a connection with Tibet and Tibetans, regarding whether the institution of the Dalai Lama should continue. I stated, “As far back as 1969, I made clear that concerned people should decide whether the Dalai Lama’s reincarnations should continue in the future.”

I also said, “When I am about ninety I will consult the high Lamas of the Tibetan Buddhist traditions, the Tibetan public, and other concerned people who follow Tibetan Buddhism, to re-evaluate whether or not the institution of the Dalai Lama should continue.”

Although I have had no public discussions on this issue, over the last 14 years leaders of Tibet’s spiritual traditions, members of the Tibetan Parliament in Exile, participants in a Special General Body Meeting, members of the Central Tibetan Administration, NGOs, Buddhists from the Himalayan region, Mongolia, Buddhist republics of the Russian Federation and Buddhists in Asia including mainland China, have written to me with reasons, earnestly requesting that the institution of the Dalai Lama continue. In particular, I have received messages through various channels from Tibetans in Tibet making the same appeal. In accordance with all these requests, I am affirming that the institution of the Dalai Lama will continue.

The process by which a future Dalai Lama is to be recognized has been clearly established in the 24 September 2011 statement which states that responsibility for doing so will rest exclusively with members of the Gaden Phodrang Trust, the Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama. They should consult the various heads of the Tibetan Buddhist traditions and the reliable oath-bound Dharma Protectors who are linked inseparably to the lineage of the Dalai Lamas. They should accordingly carry out the procedures of search and recognition in accordance with past tradition.

I hereby reiterate that the Gaden Phodrang Trust has sole authority to recognize the future reincarnation; no one else has any such authority to interfere in this matter.

Dalai Lama

Dharamshala
21 May 2025

His Holiness, who was riding in a golf-cart, disembarked from it under the canopy that covers the courtyard and so avoided the rain. As he walked to his seat in the veranda below the temple, he happily acknowledged people greeting him on either side.

The estimated crowd of 7000 were gathered in three venues, the Kalachakra Temple and the Tsuglagkhang, the courtyard, as well as Kirti Gompa and the nearby parking lot. All were packed.

At the head of the courtyard, His Holiness was greeted by Sakya Gonma Rinpoché, the Ganden Tri Rinpoché, Sakya Trizin, Taglung Matrul Rinpoché, other eminent Lamas and members of other Buddhist traditions. Among the guests were representatives of Hinduism, Christianity, Islam, Baha’i, Judaism, Jainism and Sikhism, who also came forward to greet him.

Kirti Rinpoché read an extensive tribute to His Holiness in Tibetan entitled ‘A Melodious Symphony of Thunderous Clouds’. It recalled that when both the tradition of incomparable Shakyamuni Buddha and the prosperity of Tibet faced destruction, His Holiness took birth according to his predecessor, the Thirteenth Dalai Lama’s aspiration in Taktser, a place close to Kumbum Monastery. He was recognized as the Fourteenth Dalai Lama and enthroned in the Potala palace. In due course, he took responsibility for Tibet’s spiritual and temporal affairs.

Eventually he was compelled to seek refuge in India. Since then, taking non-violence as his principal objective, he has worked to foster peace and harmony in the world, in connection with which he has firmly advocated demilitarization and the dismantling of nuclear weapons.

His Holiness has advised that in seeking a happy life inner peace is more effective than material well-being.

In trying to resolve the Tibetan people’s quest for freedom he has proposed a Middle Way Approach that seeks mutual benefit through dialogue.

He has clearly demonstrated that Tibetan Buddhism derives from and preserves the authentic Nalanda tradition.

By promoting love, compassion, contentment, patience, and moral discipline and pointing out that cultivating these qualities is the essential teaching of all religions, His Holiness has encouraged mutual respect and admiration across the world's faith traditions and established bridges between them. In this way he has shown himself to be a peerless teacher leading the world towards peace.

Kirti Rinpoché then announced the following: “On this auspicious day, the fifth day of the fifth month of the Wood-Snake Year, in the presence of the great spiritual leaders of Tibet, a representative of the Chinese Buddhist tradition, representatives of the Theravada traditions from India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Burma, as well as representatives from Hinduism, Christianity, Islam, Baha'i, Judaism, Jainism, Sikhism and other religious traditions, and the three pillars of Tibetan democracy, the faithful people of the three provinces of Tibet pay homage to you through ourthree doors of body, speech, and mind.

“Allow us to present you a special award. At its base is a long-life vase symbolizing that you remain in the nature of Buddha Amitayus (the Buddha of longevity). Above the vase is a white lotus revealing that although you have appeared in the world, you remain unaffected by its flaws. Upon the lotus is the globe showing that you have chosen this earth to be your domain of enlightened activity. Atop the globe is a seat of sun and moon representing the illumination of the path of the union of emptiness and compassion. On this seat, in the nature of Avalokiteshvara in the guise of a saffron-robed monk, is the “Peerless Spiritual Teacher of the Twenty-first Century”—Your Holiness—standing with your two hands joined in prayer, gazing upon all beings with love and compassion.

“We offer this memento made of precious gold and silver to you, Your Holiness, to symbolize the numerous auspicious connections between you and us, the teacher and disciples. We offer it with joy, faith, delight, and devotion to honour you—the incomparable Great Fourteenth Dalai Lama—as "The Peerless Teacher of the Twenty-First Century". Please bless us under your compassionate gaze.”

The award as described above was presented to His Holiness by the Tibetan spiritual leaders, members of the Tibetan administration and representatives of other religious traditions who were linked together holding an unusually long white silk scarf.

Kirti Rinpoché, Kasur Jetsun Pema and Kasur Thubten Lungrig then offered a mandala and three representations of the body, speech and mind of the Buddha to His Holiness. Prayers for his long life were conducted focussing on the Song of Immortality—the extensive prayer by his two tutors. This prayer includes the following refrain:

To you, we offer our prayers with fervent devotion:
That Tenzin Gyatso, protector of the Land of Snows, live for a hundred eons.
Shower on him your blessings
So that his aspirations are fulfilled without hindrance.

Tea and ceremonial sweet rice were served. Chairman of the Organizing Committee, Thubten Lungrig addressed the congregation.

“On this special occasion, we have gathered here to honour His Holiness with the title “Peerless Teacher of the 21st Century”. We have recited ‘manis’ and Tara prayers, we have saved lives and cleaned the environment on his behalf. Meanwhile, Kirti Monastery has conducted a week of rituals for His Holiness’s long life.

“When we from Dhomey celebrated his 80th birthday, His Holiness told us we should do so again when he reached 90. This time we have invited representatives of the world’s religions to join us in the offerings we have made.

“We request His Holiness to live long for the benefit of all sentient beings and the Dharma. We ask you to care for us until we too are enlightened. With regard to the statement made in 2011 concerning his reincarnation, since the bond between Avalokiteshvara and the Tibetan people is strong we request that His Holiness will continue to reincarnate. We pray that we will celebrate his 100th birthday in Tibet.”

His Holiness was invited to speak.

“Here we are today on my 90th birthday,” he began. “Although I am now 90 years old, I’m physically healthy and well. All these years I’ve worked for the good of Tibetans and the Dharma. I’ve also established links with people around the world and engaged in useful discussions with scientists. My life has been worthwhile. I’ve visited many other countries and met all kinds of people. I feel my life as a human being has been of benefit to the people of the world and I dedicate the rest of my life to the benefit of others.

“As far as the institution of the Dalai Lama is concerned, there will be a framework for it to continue. I was born in Dhomey and moved to Lhasa where I was able to study. As I already said, I think I have been able to serve the Dharma and sentient beings and I am determined to continue to do so.”

His Holiness was presented with a Tibetan birthday cake and he was offered a slice that he ate. He then uncovered and blessed two thangkas depicting his multitude of meaningful deeds. The Supreme Justice Commissioner Yeshe Wangmo released a three-volume biography of His Holiness. The Speaker, Khenpo Sonam Tenphel released a pictorial book illustrating His Holiness’s life. Finally, Sikyong Penpa Tsering released a two-volume compendium of articles and poems celebrating His Holiness’s achievements.

In several songs and a poetic exposition performed for his birthday, tribute was paid to His Holiness’s four commitments and to his having brought the Nalanda tradition back to India. There were dances by groups from U-tsang, Dho-tö and Dhomey provinces. A closing song and dance proclaimed today a day of happiness and joy.

The Vice-chair of the Organizing Committee presented a financial report of the event. She stated that donations had been received from 17 countries from 40 major donors and 125 others. She announced that any remaining balance of funds raised would be donated to the Dalai Lama Centre for Tibetan and Ancient Indian Wisdom in Bodhgaya.

She concluded by praying for His Holiness’s long and healthy life—wishing that he may continue to be the world’s guiding light and that peace and harmony flourish throughout the world.

Secretary General of the Organizing Committee, Chödak Gyatso gave a vote of thanks. He thanked His Holiness for accepting their offerings and requests as they celebrated nine decades of his remarkable life.

“Thank you everyone who has been able to attend this celebration,” he continued, “meanwhile we remember our brothers and sisters in Tibet who don’t have the opportunity to participate with us and who’s freedom to access this event by other means has been curtailed.”

As His Holiness returned to his residence, the expression on his face, and those of the members of the crowd he passed, was full of joy.

“As you know, after being forced to flee Tibet following the Tibetan people's uprising against the PRC authorities in March 1959, I have spent the major part of my life in India,” he wrote. “I therefore feel a special closeness to this country. Over and above its being the most populous country in the world, and the largest democracy, India has a vast resource of ancient wisdom. I believe that if this is combined with modern education it will make a beneficial contribution to greater peace and happiness in the world.

“On my part, I am specifically committed to encouraging a deeper awareness of the profound, ancient Indian understanding of the workings of our mind and emotions. This, I believe lays the basis for achieving peace of mind and developing a warm heart. It can also help us overcome such destructive emotions as anger, fear and hatred that undermine our ability to create a peaceful, more compassionate world.

“As Tibetans, we are deeply indebted to the Government and people of India for the warm hospitality they have shown us for more than 66 years. We are also most grateful for the generous support we have received in our endeavours to protect and preserve our Buddhist culture that is founded on India's age-old values of karuna and ahimsa.”

His Holiness concluded by wishing the President happiness, good health and success in leading this great country.

Taking his seat before the throne, he joined several thousand people who had gathered to recite prayers to the Medicine Buddha. The event was organized and led by monks and Lamas of Sera Mé Monastic College, and presided over by the Sharpa Chöjé Rinpoché and the Abbot of Sera Mé, in honour of His Holiness’s forthcoming 90th birthday and the Year of Compassion announced by the Central Tibetan Administration.

As the Sera Mé Chant Master led the recitation, tea and ceremonial sweet rice were served. In an interval during the prayers, His Holiness gave the oral transmission of an invocation to Palden Lhamo that he composed some years ago.

After taking part in the prayers for a little more than an hour, His Holiness left the temple and drove back to his residence returning the greetings of smiling people on either side of the aisle as he went.

“I was able to visit your country for the first time in 1979,” His Holiness wrote, “and I have warm memories of that occasion and of the several further visits I have made since then. I am very encouraged by the interest and enthusiasm that Mongolians, young and old, have been showing in promoting human values, as well as the need to combine traditional Buddhist knowledge with modern education.

“As you know, Mongolian and Tibetans have historically been like twin brothers and sisters. The Dalai Lamas have enjoyed a unique, close relationship with your people since the time of the Third Dalai Lama, Sonam Gyatso.

“As I have mentioned during my visits to Mongolia, although other faiths are followed in the country, it is Buddhism that has historically shaped the identity, culture and spiritual life of your people. Since the Buddha’s teachings emphasize such fundamental human values as compassion and non-violence, they have the potential to be of benefit to everyone, without contradicting an individual’s personal beliefs. I trust that you and your government will continue to preserve and uphold these values.

“I admire the impressive progress Mongolia has made over the years in all spheres of life. Such extensive achievements are all the more meaningful when they really improve the lives of poor and needy Mongolians.”

His Holiness ended his letter by wishing the new Prime Minister every success in fulfilling the hopes and aspirations of the people of Mongolia in these challenging times.